So far in our discussion I’ve focussed on ethics at an organisational level. Ethical organisations are increasingly seen as a template for business success, achieving not only greater societal benefits but also increased profitability. But how does this apply to leadership and management? Surely those of us who occupy executive and managerial roles have a part to play in transitioning our businesses towards an ethical model?
This is certainly true. Leadership is always capable of influencing company ethos – and despite making the case in my last article for engineering morality into the policies and structure of our businesses, there remains a powerful contribution to be made by managers.
As the start of this series we articulated three straightforward and uncontroversial moral principles:
Yet, in the context of the workplace, how is such ‘nurturing’ to be achieved?
At a basic level, the needs of our colleagues are met through pay, through a secure and welcoming working environment, and through the provisions of Health and Safety.
In more progressive businesses we also see the higher strata of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs being attended to. Team building, career development and training opportunities all support our profound need for ‘loving/belonging, esteem and self-actualisation’.
However, despite Maslow’s identification of these needs, there are moral aspects of employee well-being about which he is less explicit.
Our core values – To nurture others, to nurture our community, and to nurture all life |
Freedom is a central consideration in all great systems of ethical thought. It is also key to the nature of ethics itself. If you are not free you cannot be judged for your actions. No one judges an automaton or a machine. It is therefore also our duty, from a moral perspective, to ensure the freedom of others.
I represent this in the following algorithm:
IF
Being moral requires you to be free
AND IF
All moral codes instruct you to be moral
THEN
Encouraging human freedom is a moral imperative.
But how does this apply to ethical leadership?
It means that the ethical manager will encourage the autonomy of those who work for them. This is a moral imperative, yet also of practical benefit. Freedom enables creativity, innovation and a sense of self-direction. Autonomy contributes to the needs at the very apex of Maslow’s hierarchy, while also contributing to business success (see here).
The nature of opportunity as a moral imperative stems directly from human equality. Equality is the ‘starting position’ of most significant ethical codes: the position we occupy before we take our behaviour and actions into account. And if we are all inherently equal (before the starting gun is fired), then we are all entitled to equitable levels of opportunity.
Throughout the business community we see progressive organisations supporting this via their policies on diversity, anti-racism, non-discrimination, equal pay and employee progression.
A commitment to such policies, and to ensuring shared and equal opportunity amongst those we work with or lead, must therefore be seen as a crucial attribute of the ethical manager.
Moral well-being also requires a sense of inclusion and involvement. This is equivalent to Maslow’s ‘loving/belonging’. It is a fundamental human drive to want to be part of a family, a community, or a tribe – and to want to contribute to that family, community or tribe.
The ethical manager recognises this need, seeking to address it through team-building and encouraging a collaborative and consultative approach to decision-making and problem-solving. Ethical leaders are invariably consultative and inclusive in character, involving and engaging those they lead rather than simply overruling or controlling them.
Responsibility is a fourth key element in moral well-being. Ethical systems, whilst asserting human freedom, invariably also define the responsibility which this freedom incurs.
Ethical managers will therefore encourage a sense of responsibility in those who work for them: a responsibility to their colleagues, to the business as a whole, and to the wider stakeholder community.
Key elements of moral well-being
I discuss in greater detail the four elements of moral flourishing in my book Intelligent Ethics, but the case I wish to make here is that a commitment to the freedom, opportunity, involvement and responsibility of those they manage is a key characteristic of the ethical manager. But this commitment is not limited solely to the manager’s direct reports. It also extends to the wider community. It is through this broader commitment that we meet the moral imperative to ‘nurture our community and humanity as a whole’.
The ethics of mutuality – Our actions impact everyone. Therefore, as individuals and businesses, we must take moral responsibility for even the most remote and indirect effects of our activities. |
The ethical manager therefore considers the needs of all who are affected by their activities, no matter how indirectly. Morality is not just about the small picture. It applies to the big picture, too.
The argument can be extended further still. A moral commitment to individuals and to humanity must also entail a commitment to the environment, since viable environments are a prerequisite for the thriving of individuals and the survival of our species.
The ethical manager is therefore, almost by definition, an environmentalist. In this capacity, we must seek to identify the ecological impacts of our businesses, and strive to eliminate or counterbalance those which are environmentally damaging. And, as managers or leaders, we must be ambitious: seeking to achieve more than mere neutrality. We must also strive to enhance the well-being of the biological world.
I will return to the highly topical ‘environmental question’ later in this series.
The colour of ethics is green – A commitment to our businesses, to our colleagues and to our community also entails a commitment to the environment that sustains them |
We must now ask if there is a risk of ethical leadership detracting from our efficiency as leaders or managers. Must business leaders be ruthless, hardnosed and driven in order ‘to keep the show on the road’?
There are two answers to this. The first is that the leadership traits identified here do not compromise or detract from efficiency. In fact they contribute to it.
Ethical management generates trust, and trust increases productivity.
Ethical managers encourage autonomy, involvement, opportunity and responsibility – and these factors contribute to:
All of which are likely to improve the performance of teams and businesses rather than the reverse.
Our second answer to the challenge of efficiency is another question: ‘What are we being ruthlessly hardnosed and effective for?’
There is no ethical reason why the objectives of our businesses should take precedence over the needs of the people who work in them, who lead them or who are impacted by their activities. Business success is desirable, contributing greatly to our society, but this can never justify harm to humans, to humanity or to the environment. In fact, the bottom line of any business must ultimately be ethical. This recognition is a central element of what it means to be an ethical business leader.
Golden Rule – Never direct your colleagues, subordinates or employees towards unethical activities. Remaining moral must be our ultimate ‘red line’ |
Thus, if you wish to be an ethical manager or business leader you will seek to apply the three core moral principles listed above. You will:
Nurture others
…encouraging freedom, involvement, opportunity and responsibility in those you work with or manage – combining your personal ambition or objectives with an equal ambition for the well-being of those around you.
Nurture our species as a whole
…being alert to the wider impacts of your and your business’s activities on direct and indirect stakeholders of all kinds, and seeking their involvement also.
Nurture all life
…giving consideration to environmental impacts, seeking to enhance the environment rather than merely exploit it.
And, lastly, as an ethical manager, you will strive to marry the effectiveness and success of your business with the requirements of ethics – through action, not just words.
The ethical manager – Selfless (to a degree) Alert to the extended impacts of team and business actions and activities Morally effective (action, not just words) |
In my next article, The Ethical Employee, I ask ‘Is being ethical good for your career?’ I discuss the characteristics of the ethical colleague, the ethical contract between employee and employer, and the expectations both can legitimately hold of the other in an ethical context.
Read more articles on our Phase 3 Insights page
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About the Author:
Luke Andreski is a writer with over thirty years’ experience in the IT industry, specialising in People Technology implementation projects and change management. More recently he has focused on moral philosophy and psychology, with a particular interest in business leadership and management ethics.
Luke has published two books on ethics: Ethical Intelligence, a guide to effective ethical thinking in a world of polarised belief and political spin; and Intelligent Ethics, exploring the need for ethical change if we are to address the challenges of the 21st Century.
He is currently working in conjunction with Phase 3 on a series of articles investigating Ethics in the Workplace.
Laura’s role as Head of Marketing sees her continually looking for new opportunities to tell the world how great Phase 3 is.
